Cause and Effect Technology

11/10/11 Cause and effect Todays technology has good and bad effects but distraction is, in my opinion the major result. Todays’ technology has its good effects and bad effects on society. But distraction is a really bad effect on society. Yes, technology is good, better communication between people and major advancements. But little things such as cellphones, gps and much are major distractions on an everyday life. These distractions could happen while you’re in school, at your job and even when you are driving. In school, in my high school experience at least 99% of the students have cellphones.I always saw them text-messaging non-stop without paying a bit of attention to the class that was going on. Most of the time I was one of them, and I regret it because most of the time I didn’t pay attention to what the teacher was saying. Cellphones are not the only distraction computers are as well. I used to see a lot of students fight for a computer at school just so they could go on their favorite social networking site, all these distractions due to technology. Technology is also a huge distraction in the work place.I haven’t had a lot of experiences in a workplace environment but I’ve seen a lot of misfortunes just because of a cellphone. My friend recently got fired from his job because he couldn’t leave his phone a lone, his boss was right you either do the job or keep texting outside of the workplace. Last but not least, distractions while you are driving. This is the most common one and the most dangerous one. A lot of people love texting while on the road they rather answer a text message rather than worrying about their own life or even worse, other human beings life. Not only cellphones influence people while driving, GPS as well.People start laying with their GPS while driving without noticing what is in front of them, I’ve seen a couple of accidents that happened because of someone using a GPS. Also music and music players distract you a lot, this has happened to me a couple of times. People get so into songs that they start daydreaming and don’t realize they are indeed driving. Is really dangerous specially when someone has their earphones in while driving because they are locked to the music. Technology affects everyone, not only teenagers or young adults. Technology is a huge distraction and could be dangerous to society in a way or another.

Center For Writing Excellence Essay

All resources available at CWE is aimed at the capacity edifice of the pupils to grok the authorship manners and therefore enables them to bring forth comprehensive. perfect and original documents. These assisting resources range from Grammar ushers to package tutorials. The first set of tutorials includes grammar usher and common English mistakes which help out pupils in developing a perfect manner that is barren of grammatical defects. The following set of tutorials is assorted instructions about developing and forming instance surveies. lineations and annotated bibliographies and utilizing APA commendation manner. It besides contains assorted paradigms that help pupils understand use these assorted types and forms of composing. Following in the series are assorted tools and packages that help pupils forming their authorship stuff. It includes â€Å"Citation Generator† and â€Å"Thesis Statement Generator† . The forms and processs about composing an essay is an of import usher. In terminal the CWE offers assorted ready to hand tutorials about assorted MS softwares that enable pupils to larn and utilize these packages more efficaciously. For me. the two most of import resources are the Grammar and Writing Guides and Essay Guidelines. CWE has devoted a complete web site to Grammar guideline that manifests the importance of grammar in the authorship procedure. I was ne'er well-versed in grammar and this affected my writing manner. This grammar mechanics helped me to a great extent to take my blemished writing manner and to develop a new technique with least grammatical mistakes. The trials helped me greatly to understand my present degree and inculcated in me a spirit to better my grammar and informal look. Essay usher is the other available resource stuff that helped me to hold on assorted stairss involved in bring forthing a good essay written with a intent and for an intended audience. I ne'er had a wont of revising my written stuff but these guidelines compelled me to reexamine my Hagiographas.

Mobile television Essay

Mobile television is television watched on a small handheld or mobile device. It includes pay TV service delivered via mobile phone networks or received free-to-air via terrestrial television stations. Regular broadcast standards or special mobile TV transmission formats can be used. Additional features include downloading TV programs and podcasts from the internet and the ability to store programming for later viewing. According to the Harvard Business Review, the growing adoption of smartphones allowed users to watch as much mobile video in just three days of the 2010 Winter Olympics as they watched throughout the entire 2008 Summer Olympics – an increase of 564%.[1] DMB in South Korea History The first pocket-sized mobile television was sold to the public by Clive Sinclair in January 1977. It was called the Microvision or the MTV-1. It had a 2-inch CRT screen and was also the first television which could pick up signals in multiple countries. It measured 102Ãâ€"159Ãâ€"41mm and was sold for less than  £100 in the UK and for around $400 in the US. The project took over ten years to develop and was funded by around  £1.6 million in British Government grants.[2][3] Mobile TV is one of the features provided by many 3G phones. In 2002, South Korea became the first country in the world to have a commercial mobile TV CDMA IS95-C network, and mobile TV over 3G (CDMA2000 1X EVDO) also became available that same year. In 2005, South Korea also became the first country in the world to have mobile TV when it started satellite DMB (S-DMB) and terrestrial DMB (T-DMB) services on May 1 and December 1, respectively. Today, South Korea and Japan are at the forefront of this developing sector.[4] Mobile TV services were launched by the operator CSL in Hong Kong, March 2006, on the 3G network.[5] BT in the United Kingdom was the among the first companies outside South Korea to launch Mobile TV in September 2006, although the service was abandoned less than a year later.[6] The same happened to â€Å"MFD Mobiles Fernsehen Deutschland†, who launched their DMB-based service June 2006 in Germany, and stopped it in April 2008.[7] Also in June 2006, mobile operator 3 in Italy (part of Hutchison Whampoa) launched their mobile TV service, but opposed to their counterpart in Germany this was based on DVB-H.[8] Sprint started offering the service in February 2006 and was the first US carrier to offer the service. In the US Verizon Wireless and more recently AT&T are offering the service. In South Korea, mobile TV is largely divided into satellite DMB (S-DMB) and terrestrial DMB (T-DMB). Although S-DMB initially had more content, T-DMB has gained much wider popularity because it is free and included as a feature in most mobile handsets sold in the country today. Challenges Mobile TV usage can be divided into three classes: †¢ Fixed – Watched while not moving, possibly moved when not being watched †¢ Nomadic – Watched while moving slowly (e.g. walking) †¢ Mobile – Watched when moving quickly (e.g. in a car) Each of these pose different challenges. Device Manufacturer’s challenges †¢ Power consumption – Continuous receipt, decoding, and display of video requires continuous power, and cannot benefit from all of the types of optimizations that are used to reduce power consumption for data and voice services. †¢ Memory – To support the large buffer requirements of mobile TV. Currently available memory capabilities will not be suited for long hours of mobile TV viewing. Furthermore, potential future applications like peer-to-peer video sharing in mobile phones and consumer broadcasting would definitely add to the increasing memory requirements. The existing P2P algorithms won’t be enough for mobile devices, necessitating the advent of mobile P2P algorithms. There is one start-up technology that claims patentability on its mobile P2P, but has not drawn attention from device manufacturers yet. †¢ Display – Larger and higher-resolution displays are necessary for a good viewing experience. †¢ Processing power – Si gnificantly more processor performance is required for mobile TV than that used for UI and simple applications, like browsers and messaging. Content Provider’s challenges †¢ Mobile TV specific content – Mobisodes: mobile episodes of popular shows which are relatively shorter (3 to 5 minutes), to suit the likely viewing habits of the mobile TV user. Digital TV North America As of January 2012, there are 120 stations in the United States broadcasting using the ATSC-M/H â€Å"Mobile DTV† standard – a mobile and handheld enhancement to the HDTV standard that improves handling of multipath interference while mobile.[9] The defunct MediaFLO used COFDM broadcast on UHF TV channel 55. Like satellite TV, it was encrypted and controlled by conditional access (provided via the cellular network). It required a subscription for each mobile device, and was limited to the AT&T Mobility or Verizon Wireless networks. Broadcast mobile DTV development While MediaFLO uses the TV spectrum and MobiTV used cell phone networks,[10] â€Å"mobile DTV† (ATSC-M/H) uses the digital TV spectrum. At the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) show in April 2007 in Las Vegas, the ATSC and 8VSB methods for delivering mobile DTV were shown. A-VSB (Advanced VSB), from Samsung and Rohde & Schwarz, was shown at the previous year’s show. In 2007, LG, whose Zenith Electronics came up with 8VSB, introduced (with Harris Group) its Mobile-Pedestrian-Handheld (MPH) system. As the broadcast networks began making their content available online, mobile DTV meant stations would have another way to compete. Sinclair Broadcast Group tested A-VSB in fall 2006, and its KVCW and KVMY were participating in the mobile DTV product demonstrations at the NAB show. A-VSB had worked in buses at the 2007 Consumer Electronics Mobile television Show. ION Media Networks started a test station on channel 38, which was to be used for digital LPTV, to use for a single-frequency network (SFN). In some areas, more than one TV transmitter would be needed to cover all areas. Mobile DTV could have been used at that time because it would not affect HDTV reception. A single standard, however, had to be developed.[11] At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2009, the first prototype devices from LG and other manufacturers were demonstrated, including receivers for cars from Kenwood, Visteon and Delphi. It was announced that 63 stations in 22 markets would debut the service in 2009. Gannett Broadcasting president David Lougee pointed out that many of those attending the inauguration of Barack Obama would likely hear him but not see him; had the new technology been in place, this would not have been a problem.[12] In April 2009, the Open Mobile Video Coalition, made up of over 800 broadcast stations, selected four test stations: Gannett’s WATL and ION’s WPXA-TV in Atlanta, and Fisher Communications’ KOMO-TV and Belo’s KONG-TV in Seattle. WPXA had begun mobile DTV broadcasting on April 1. The others would start in May.[13] Later in 2009, ION said it was making available HDTV, standard definition and Mobile DTV streams using its affiliates in New York City and Washington, D.C. The â€Å"triple-play† concept was part of an effort to create a Mobile DTV standard. At the time, only those with prototype receivers could pick up the streams. ION Chairman and CEO Brandon Burgess said mobile DTV lets stations â€Å"think beyond the living room and bring live television and real time information to consumers wherever they may be.†[14] The Advanced Television Systems Committee started work on mobile DTV standards in May 2007, and manufacturers and sellers worked q uickly to make the new technology a reality. The OMVC persuaded LG and Samsung to work together starting in May 2008 so that differing systems (possibly a self-destructing format war) would not delay or kill the technology. Early in July 2009, the ATSC Technology and Standards Group approved the ATSC-M/H standard for mobile DTV which all members green-lighted October 15. The public could be using the new devices by 2010, though watching TV on cell phones seemed unlikely in the near future since telephone manufacturers did not yet include that capability. The technology was expected to be used for polls and even voting.[15][16] By the end of the year, the ATSC and the Consumer Electronics Association began identifying products meeting the standard with â€Å"MDTV†.[17] Paul Karpowicz, NAB Television Board chairman and president of Meredith Broadcast Group, said This milestone ushers in the new era of digital television broadcasting, giving local TV stations and networks new opportunities to reach viewers on the go. This will introduce the power of local broadcasting to a new generation of viewers and provide all-important emergency alert, local news and other programming to consumers across the nation.[16] Later in July, the first multi-station tests began in Washington, D.C., while single stations in New York City and Raleigh, North Carolina already offered mobile DTV. The OMVC chose Atlanta’s WATL and Seattle’s KONG as â€Å"model stations† where product testing could take place. 70 stations in 28 media markets planned streams by the end of 2009. The Washington test would involve WPXW-TV, WUSA, WDCA, WRC-TV, WHUT-TV, WNUV in Baltimore, and WNVT, a part of MHz Networks, a multicasting service. All of the stations would have two of more channels each, with â€Å"electronic service guide and alert data† among the services. 20 sellers of equipment would use these stations to test using the existing standard, but testing the final standard would come later, and tests by the public would happen in 2010, when many more devices would be ready. Obviously, manufacturing large numbers of the devices could not take place without the final standard. LG, however, began mass-producing chips in June. ION technology vice president Brett Jenkins said, â€Å"We’re really at a stage like the initial launch of DTV back in 1998. There are almost going to be more transmitters transmitting mobile than receive devices on the market, and that’s probably what you’ll see for the next six to nine months.† Devices would eventually include USB dongles, netbooks, portable DVD players and in-car displays.[18] White House officials and members of Congress saw the triple-play concept in an ION demonstration on July 28, 2009 in conjunction with the OMVC.[19][20] Another demonstration took place October 16, 2009 with journalists, industry executives and broadcasters riding around Washington, D.C. in a bus with prototype devices. Included were those who would be testing the devices in the Washington and Baltimore markets in January 2010.[21] On August 7, 2009, BlackBerry service began on six TV stations–WISH-TV in Indianapolis; WAVY-TV in Hampton Roads, Virginia; KRQE in Albuquerque, New Mexico; WANE-TV in Fort Wayne, Indiana; WALA-TV in Mobile, Alabama; and KXAN-TV in Austin, Texas. 27 other stations will eventually offer the service, and LIN TV, which developed the BlackBerry service, has an iPhone application planned.[20] By October, 30 stations were airing mobile DTV signals, and that number was expected to be 50 by year-end. Also in the same month, FCC chair Julius Genachowski announced efforts to increase the amount of spectrum available to wireless services.[16] Also in August, WTVE and Axcera began testing a single-frequency network (SFN) with multiple transmitters using the new mobile standard. The RNN affiliate in Reading, Pennsylvania had used this concept since 2007.[22] Richard Mertz of Cavell, Mertz & Associates says VHF won’t work as well for mobile DTV because a 15-inch antenna or some other solution would be required, although he has heard from people who had no problems. An amplified antenna or higher power for the transmitting station would likely be needed, as well as repeater stations where terrain is a problem.[23] Lougee, whose company planned testing in its 19 markets in 2010, said the chip designs with the new devices made targeted advertising possible.[21] In December 2009, Concept Enterprises introduced the first Mobile DTV tuner for automobiles. Unlike earlier units, this one will provide a clear picture without pixilation in a fast-moving vehicle, using an LG M/H chip and a one-inch roof-mounted antenna. No subscription wil be required.[24] Also in December, the Consumer Electronics Association hosted a â€Å"plugfest† in Washington, D.C. to allow manufacturers to test various devices. More than 15 companies, and engineers from different countries, tested four transmission systems, 12 receiver systems, and four software types.[17][25] On December 1, News Corp. chairman Rupert Murdoch said mobile DTV would be important to the future of all journalism, and he planned to offer TV and possibly newspaper content in this way.[26] At the January 2010 Consumer Electronics Show, NAB head Gordon H. Smith disputed the idea that broadcasting’s days were numbered, calling mobile DTV the proof over-the-air television would continue its popularity. He said people would use cell phones and other devices to watch, and broadcast technology would be the best way to do this. Wireless broadband, which some wanted to replace broadcasting, would not be able to handle the demand for video services.[27] ION’s Burgess showed off one of the first iPhones capable of receiving mobile DTV, while ION’s Jenkins showed an LG Maze and a Valups Tivit; the latter sends signals to the iPod Touch and will soon work with the Google Nexus.[28] Sinclair Broadcast Group director of advanced technology Mark Aitken said the mobile DTV concept of multiple transmitters would help free up spectrum for wireless broadband in rural areas but not large cities. He also explained to the FCC that mobile DTV was the best method for sending out live video to those using cell phones and similar devices.[29] The OMVC’s Mobile DTV Consumer Showcase began May 3, 2010 and lasted all summer. Nine stations planned to distribute 20 programs, including local and network shows as well as cable programs, to Samsung Moment phones. Dell Netbooks and Valups Tivits also received programming.[30] On September 23, 2010, Media General began its first MDTV service at WCMH-TV in Columbus, Ohio and had plans to do the same a month later at WFLA-TV in the Tampa Bay, Florida area and five to seven more stations in its portfolio.[31] On November 19, 2010, a joint venture of 12 major broadcasters, known as the Mobile Content Venture, announced plans to upgrade TV stations in 20 markets representing 40 percent of the United States population to deliver live video to portable devices by the end of 2011.[32] Brian Lawlor, a Scripps TV senior vice president, said that, in September 2011, Scripps stations would offer an â€Å"app† allowing people with an iPhone or iPad to see emergency information (e.g. weather bulletins) in the event of a power outage.[33] In 2012, a number of stations plan to conduct tests of the Mobile Emergency Alert System (M-EAS), a system to deliver emergency information via mobile DTV.[34] In January, 2012, the MCV announced that MetroPCS would offer MCV’s Dyle mobile DTV service. Samsung planned an Android phone capable of receiving this service late in 2012.[35] At the end of 2012, Dyle was in 35  markets and capable of reaching 55 percent of viewers.[36] At the NAB show in April 2012, MCV announced that 17 additional television stations will launch mobile DTV, bringing the total to 92, covering more than 55% of US homes. Included are stations in three new markets – Austin, Texas, Boston, Massachusetts, and Dayton, Ohio.[37] In September 2012, WRAL-TV announced rollout of a Mobile Emergency Alert System based around mobile digital television technology.[38] A process called Syncbak uses cell phones rather than TV spectrum.[39] References [1] [2] [3] [4] Looking for TV Genius? | Red Bee Media (http:/ / www. tvgenius. net/ blog/ 2011/ 01/ 31/ 4-ways-smartphones-save-tv/ ) Clive’s achievements (http:/ / www. sinclair-research. co. uk/ about-srl. php) Sinclair Research Video and TV gear (http:/ / www. retrothing. com/ video_tv/ index. html), Retrothing.com NYTimes.com via Yahoo! Finance: Mobile TV Spreading in Europe and to the U.S. (http:/ / biz. yahoo. com/ nytimes/ 080506/ 1194771946810. html?. v=18), May 6, 2008 [5] 3G UK: The service is based on the Golden Dynamic Enterprises Ltd. (http:/ / www. 3g. co. uk/ PR/ March2006/ 2732. htm)’s â€Å"VOIR Portal† (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m0EIN/ is_2006_Dec_4/ ai_n16881105) and follows the 3GPP standard 3G-324 M. The same service is also deployed to Philippines in 2007. [6] ZDnet: BT ditches mobile TV service (http:/ / news. zdnet. co. uk/ communications/ 0,1000000085,39288247,00. htm), 26 July 2007 [7] Broadband TV news: MFD hands back German T-DMB licence (http:/ / www. broadbandtvnews. com/ ?p=4682), May 1, 2008 [8] The Register: DVB-H rockets ahead in Italy (http:/ / www. theregister. co. uk/ 2006/ 07/ 28/ dvbh_success_in_italy/ ), 28 July 2006 [9] OMVC announces sizable growth in number of MDTV stations at CES | RF content from Broadcast Engineering (http:/ / broadcastengineering. com/ RF/ OMVC-mobile-DTV-presence-announces-growth-CES-01192012/ index. html) [10] Thompson, Mark (2010-06-03). â€Å"mobile tv cell phone networks:† (http:/ / mobitv. com/ technology/ managed-service-platform). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2010-06-03. [11] Dickson, Glen (2007-04-14). â€Å"NAB: Mobile DTV Hits the Strip† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 108538-NAB_Mobile_DTV_Hits_the_Strip. php). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-21. [12] Dickson, Glen (2009-01-11). â€Å"CES: Broadcasters’ Mobile DTV Moment† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 161893-CES_Broadcast ers_Mobile_DTV_Moment. php?rssid=20102& q=broadcasters+ mobile+ dtv+ moment). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-03. [13] Dickson, Glen (2009-04-20). â€Å"NAB 2009: Broadcasters Set Mobile DTV Test Markets† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 209447-NAB_2009_Broadcasters_Set_Mobile_DTV_Test_Markets. php?rssid=20068& q=broadcasters+ set+ mobile+ dtv+ test+ markets). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-17. [14] Dickson, Glen (2009-06-29). â€Å"ION Broadcasts Mobile DTV in N.Y., D.C.: Hails Its Digital TV â€Å"Triple Play†Ã¢â‚¬  (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 307120-ION_Broadcasts_Mobile_DTV_in_N_Y_D_C_. php?rssid=20068& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-02. [15] Dickson, Glen (2009-07-06). â€Å"ATSC-M/H voted to proposed standard status† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 307463-Mobile_DTV_is_Almost_Official. php?rssid=20065& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-08. [16] Dickson, Glen (2009-10-16). â€Å"Mobile DTV Standard Approved† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 358341-Mobile_DTV_Standard_Approved. php?rssid=20292& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-10-16. [17] Dickson, Glen (2009-12-16). â€Å"ATSC Launches Certification Program For Mobile DTV† ( http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 440764-ATSC_Launches_Certification_Program_For_Mobile_DTV. php?rssid=20102& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-17. [18] Dickson, Glen (2009-07-13). â€Å"Special Report: Mobile DTV Heats Up† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 314792-Special_Report_Mobile_DTV_Heats_Up. php). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-15. [19] Dickson, Glen (2009-07-22). â€Å"ION, OMVC Organize DTV Showcase in D.C.† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 316065-ION_OMVC_Organize_DTV_Showcase_in_D_C_. php?rssid=20068& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-22. [20] Eggerton, John (2009-08-07). â€Å"LIN TV Develops Blackberry App For Mobile TV Service† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 326796-LIN_TV_Develops_Blackberry_App_For_Mobile_TV_Service. php?q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-08-11. [21] Eggerton, John (2009-10-16). â€Å"OMVC Doe s Mobile DTV Tour† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 358415-OMVC_Does_Mobile_DTV_Tour. php?rssid=20103& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-10-23. [22] Dickson, Glen (2009-12-18). â€Å"WTVE Tests SFN For Mobile DTV† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 441031-WTVE_Tests_SFN_For_Mobile_DTV. php?rssid=20065& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2010-01-13. [23] Jessell, Harry A. (2009-09-24). â€Å"Digital VHF Needs A Power Boost† (http:/ / www. tvnewscheck. com/ articles/ 2009/ 09/ 24/ daily. 2/ ). TVNewsCheck. . Retrieved 2009-10-15. [24] Gilroy, Amy (2009-11-09). â€Å"First Mobile DTV Car Tuner At $499† (http:/ / www. twice. com/ article/ 388144-First_Mobile_DTV_Car_Tuner_At_499. php/ ). TWICE. . Retrieved 2009-11-10. [25] Dickson, Glen (2009-12-02). â€Å"Mobile DTV Picks Up Speed† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 394993-Mobile_DTV_Picks_Up_Speed. php?rssid=20068& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-03. [26] Eggerton, John (2009-12-01). â€Å"Murdoch Says Mobile TV Is Key to Future† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 391233-Murdoch_Says_Mobile_TV_Is_Key_to_Future. php?rssid=20070& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-03. [27] Dickson, Glen (2010-01-07). â€Å"CES 2010: Broadcasters Tout Mobile DTV Progress† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 442953-CES_2010_Broadcasters_Tout_Mobile_ DTV_Progress. php?rssid=20068& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2010-01-13. [28] Dickson, Glen (2010-01-09). â€Å"NAB Shows Off New Spectrum Applications† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 443352-NAB_Shows_Off_New_Spectrum_Applications. php?rssid=20068& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2010-01-13.

Dividend Imputation System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Dividend Imputation System - Essay Example Previously the corporate tax rate was 39% and now it has been reduced to 30%. Dividend imputation was brought in during the year 1987. It is a tax reform brought about by the Hawke/Keating government. Before the reform a company had to pay company tax on its gains and after that if the company paid a dividend it was also taxed again as income for the shareholder and this led into a form of double taxation. Dr Henry who is leading the Federal Government's taxation review, stated that, "If domestic shareholders have access to full company tax imputation, the company tax actually increases their dividend income - both in pre-tax and post-tax terms". In 1997 the eligibility rules for the same were introduced, with a $2000 minute shareholder exemption. In the year 1999 the exemption was enhanced to the current $5000. In the year 2000 franking credits were made completely refundable rather than decreasing tax liability to zero. In the year 2002 preferential dividend streaming was cast out. Australia's arrangement of dividend imputation which is otherwise known as franking is a key concept which new capitalists had to realize. Australian companies did not escape illogical capital allotment decisions. The imputation system encourages a more liberal distribution of profits by dividends. The most significant facet of this system is that Australian resident individual shareholders get a rebate in respect of tax which is already paid by the company on dividend income. This refund is known as the franking rebate. For instance if an individual pays tax on other income at the highest marginal rate of 47% which excludes the 1.7% Medicare then his tax liability on a entirely franked dividend is cut down from 47% to 17% by the franking rebate. At the same time if a taxpayer has to pay tax on other income at the marginal rate of 30% excluding the 1.7% Medicare levy then his tax liability is decreased from 30% to -9% by the franking rebate. Lastly when an individual pays tax on other income at the trivial rate of 20% exclusive of the 1.7% Medicare levy then the tax liability on a totally franked dividend for such a taxpayer is cut down from 20% to -25% by the franking rebate. As the franking rebate is more than the payable tax, the rest of the rebate can be utilised to offset other income like salary etc. As per calculations the individual mentioned above will have a tax credit of $250.00. Present treatment of resident shareholders in resident company with source of income in Australia: Australian Company Taxable Income = $1000 Australian company tax =$ 300 (which creates $300 of franking credits) Income after tax = $ 700 If the company wants to pay off all its after tax income the highest franking credit that it can apportion for distribution is $300. The consequences of an allocation of $700 along with a franking credit of $300 for a 48.5 % marginal rate shareholder, a 31.5 % marginal rate shareholder, for an Australian corporate shareholder and a superannuation fund shareholder is as follows:- 48.5% Marginal rate shareholder Dividend = $ 700 Franking credit =$ 300 Dividend grossed up =$1000 Tax @ 48.5% =$ 485 Tax offset =$ 300 Net tax payable = $ 185 Dividend after tax =$ 515 31.5%

Causes of Rework and cost overuns in construction of sea water Thesis Proposal

Causes of Rework and cost overuns in construction of sea water desalination projects in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Thesis Proposal Example Desalination is a very important term, especially for the countries where fresh water resources are scarce. It could be any process that removes a vast amount of salt and other minerals from the water. Habitually, it is known as the procedure of drawing the salts and minerals. It is best to purify your water with the process of desalinated and then use it for drinking and as well as for irrigational activities. This is the same process which is being used by many seagoing ships and sub-marines (Love et. al. 2004). In today’s world, desalination is mainly used for developing cost-effective ways of giving fresh water to such regions of the world where fresh water is in meager amount. If you are intending to do a large scale desalination process then you may also need massively powered infrastructures but it is sure to increase the expense you will pay on the overall project, so it is better to make the usage of fresh water from rivers or wells etc. According to the census performed n April 2010, Saudi Arab had a population of 27,136,977 humans out of which 18,707,576 were recognized as nationals and others were living with no nationality. Due to an overwhelming economic and urban growth of this country, more than 95% of the whole population has been settled down now. Some cities even have densities of more than thousand people per square kilometer. About 50% of the total water used in this country is generated by the process of desalination, whereas the other 40% is extracted from the mining of non-renewable groundwater, the remaining 10% is simply taken off from the surface water. This research will highlight the issues related to desali9nation processes in Saudi Arab which cause cost overruns. Problem Statement: The problem which will be studied in this research is: Causes of Rework and cost overruns in construction of sea water desalination projects in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Research Objectives: There are four main objecti ves of this research which are listed below: To study existing sea water desalination projects for cost overruns To explore the reasons of rework and cost overruns in sea water desalination projects To investigate low cost alternatives which can control the cost of sea water desalination projects in Saudi Arabia To find ways of avoiding this cost overruns if construction of sea water desalination projects in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Research Scope and limitation: This research will study 2 cases where cost overrun has been reported in construction of sea water desalination projects in Saudi Arab. Due to the constraint of time and budget, it is not possible to study the whole universe in this research. However, the case study selection will be based on the criteria that the projects which represent and can highlight the problems of all existing desalination projects should be chosen. This research is limited in the sense that not every existing sea water desalination project will be s tudied under it. Also, it is not possible for the researcher to study every aspect of the problem under discussion, so this research is limited to study of aspects of cost overrun. Methodology: For any research, qualitative or quantitative, primary or secondary, the most important part is its methodology. Methodology sets the stage for all further work to be done in any research (Gauch, 2002). Research can be done successfully and the objectives can be achieved if the research methodology laid out to conduct this research is properly planned. As research methodology is what leads any research towards its success, its importance can never be undermined in case of any research (Symon, et. al., 2000). This research is focused basically on primary data collection. A lot of tests and experiments have been conducted to get the required

Globalisation and the State - Discuss Literature review

Globalisation and the State - Discuss - Literature review Example This term provides, in a nut shell, the idea of capitalist globalisation. The transnational capitalist class consists of four segments. These are the owners and affiliates of the transnational corporations that control the business objectives and activities of these corporations; politicians and bureaucrats from different nations; professionals working globally in different sectors and finally the consumerist elite class consisting of rich merchants and media professionals (Sklair, 2001). The transnational capital has become an important part of the capital endowment of the world. Different classes in the Marxist understanding refer to the divisions among workers all over the world on the basis of the relation they have with the social production function (Fouskas and Gokay, 2012). The translational capitalist class has no national boundaries and they are forerunners of the modern spree of globalization. This new bourgeoisie class is recognised as the capitalist class and they repres ent the transnational capital. ... However, recently, the concept of sustainable development has evolved and companies are now concerned about the sustainability of their business activities (Robinson, 2003). Great depression of 2008: Capitalism Perspective Various economists and researchers have studied the phenomenon of the global depression which was a consequence of the large scale financial crisis that occurred during 2007-2008. The global depression of the 2008 has been viewed by many scholars under the light of the global capitalist theory (Krugman, 2009). The rise of the transnational capital and transnational capitalist class has led to the emergence of a â€Å"globally integrated production and financial system† (Robinson, 2012). According to the reports published by commentators of events of economic and political significance in the world, the crisis has its roots in the sub-prime loan fiasco in the United States that had surfaced in mid-2007 (Jones, 2004). It has been emphasised that the financial debacle had been taking its shape for a long period of time even before it came to public notice in mid-2007. The overall global recession followed inevitably and remained effective over the next year. The original cause of the crisis lies deep in Marxist understanding. It can be stated with evidence that the crisis situation was a result of contradictions of state power and over-accumulation. Capitalism strives and progresses by the means of capital accumulation. However, over accumulation of capital restricts the direct productive involvement of human capital in the process of the production. Due to over accumulation, the economic system cannot expand. Marginalization of a considerably high portion of the working population from direct productive participation and downward pressure on wages

Disappearing Technology of the Twentieth Century Essay

Disappearing Technology of the Twentieth Century - Essay Example Steam locomotive being the most influential example of steam engine technology, its disappearance from the modern railroad deserves to be reflected on. According to Lindqvist, the general perception about history of technology holds that â€Å"the initial stages of growth and development of new technologies are far more interesting than the boring routine maintenance and depressing dismantling of older technological systems.†1 However, research on older technological systems helps us not only to analyse the dynamics of industrial demands but also to understand the contemporary political and social values. Moreover, economic analysis of the decline of a technological system may have extremely useful implications for the future technologies. This paper is divided into four major parts: Introduction, Literature Review, Analysis and Conclusion. Reputable scholarly resources and contemporary literature of twentieth century have been used for research and reflection on the topic. Ca ses of USA and UK have been discussed with special emphasis. Research Question: Give an account of a disappearing technology of the twentieth century. Why has its use decreased? Literature Review The steam engines have been part of a gigantic technological system which dominated the world almost throughout the twentieth century. ... acilitated political organisation, industrial production and transportation, Theoretical Perspective: Innovation can be regarded as the driving force of technological development which is designed to meet the socio-economic demands of the populace. So, too much emphasis on the developmental phase of a technological system may appear to be natural; but this is not a wise option always.2 â€Å"We know, for example, more about the first automobiles and the infancy of the automobile industry than we know about the dominating transportation technologies at the same period.†3 But the importance of an older technological system lies in the fact that it may not be necessarily abandoned at the introduction of a new system. Although cases of exponential decline of a technology are known, older and modern technologies do exist in our world side by side. Illustrating the American charcoal industry, Schallenberg has put forward that evolution, adaptation and survival are the key phases in the life cycle of a technology which may eventually culminate at a slow or exponential decline.4 In the case of steam engine technology, the pace of phasing out the steam locomotives has been fast in some countries (e.g., Britain, USA, etc.) and slow in some other countries (e.g. India, China, etc.). The extent of once powerful steam engine technology has been truly international and impressive. Evolution of Steam Locomotives: Steam locomotive capable of passenger conveyance was invented by the British engineer George Stephenson in 1825. Hence UK can be regarded as the first country in the world that developed its steam powered railway system. In USA, steam locomotive was first operated in the year 1829. Subsequently, locomotive manufacturing industry started off in the country. In the 1830s and

My Ideal Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Ideal Job - Essay Example If one likes what he does, he will excel in it and, hence, would be successful in the process. A great deal of motivation comes from enjoying what one does and that many people are not getting ahead because they do not like what they are doing. This is the very thing that Jay Walljasper described when he said that â€Å" we are not leading our lives but merely following a dizzying timetable of duties, commitments, demands and options.† The idea is that by doing what one does best, a working person’s life could be more successful and meaningful not just in the area of wealth acquisition but also there is the achievement and satisfaction on other aspects such as in the personal and professional areas. For me, an ideal job is an occupation that I could perform and look forward to doing each day. I would not like some work that pays me to do something that I would not enjoy or would not be related to my interests. Imagine if you are stuck in some place you do not like, whic h Michael Ventura said would take about 26 years to accumulate one year for yourself. That is why I am looking at jobs in the creative field that is also mobile and non-traditional. I know that this will inevitably lead me to the media or the arts. Alternatively, I might consider working in the high technology sector for the sheer dynamism of this particular industry at present. These work options are ideal for me because they require knowledge, skills and temperaments that I have or I would want to have. I am careful to expect something out of my personal conception of occupations. There is the possibility of long years of training for a selected work, say, if I aimed to be a magazine writer or that career path taken by Marissa Mayer of Google renown (who is now the CEO of Yahoo), with the career ending up well below my expectation. That is why it is encouraging to find people in this field talk about the advantages, benefits and the beauty of working in the creative field. For ins tance, Beker stated that the creative class brings about new ideas, achieving results in high technology and the creative field, covering jobs being performed not just by writers, designers, musicians, composers and the like but also mathematicians, engineers, physicians, social scientists, teachers and managers. This demonstrates a wide range of prospects and opportunities especially now that we are within the so-called information age. There is an assurance that by following what I want or by choosing a career path based on my skills and interests, I will be succeeding. I have mentioned my inclination for high technology occupation. Based on what has been said so far – both in the news and the academic literature on the subject – the industry could be a bit unstable. Richard Florida, for instance, warned that the field is characterized by instability and frequent turnover, citing the fact that the median job tenure for workers ages 25 to 34 is 2.7 years and that by a ge 32, the average worker has had nine full-time or part-time jobs. I believe that this condition is more of challenge rather than a problem or a negative characteristic. The instability may be attributed to the mobility of employees who hop from one job to another. The challenge does not stem from lack of available work but from the dynamism of the sector. In addition, as what Florida has admitted, creative workers are able to compile an

Contract Law 2014-2015 Assesment problem with case history I will Essay

Contract Law 2014-2015 Assesment problem with case history I will supply case history as a word document - Essay Example The common law has 3 basic fundamentals in making of a contract namely agreement, contractual intention and consideration. Agreement as an essential of the basic law means that the parties ought to come to a legal agreement. Basically, an agreement can only be met when one party presents an offer, when this offer gets accepted by the other party, it becomes an agreement. The courts apply an objective test to determine whether the parties have arrived at an agreement. In the case study, when Brian decides to purchase the phone at EverEager, he and the company come to an agreement that he would pay a once-a-month payment direct deduction of  £35 for a period of one year1. In contract law, an offer is the willingness of a party on a contact on the specific terms. The offer is made with the objective that it should serve as the binding role once it gets accepted by the individual to whom it’s addressed. An offer can be directed to a single person or to a specific group of individuals. The Brian vs. EverEager is based on a single person. An offer is usually made by either words or by conduct. In the case study, Brian is handed the document by the assistant of the mobile phone company EverEager, he goes through it and signs. This offer is done by written words. An acceptance refers to the final and absolute expression of agreement to the terms and conditions of the offer. In this case there ought to be an objective expression, by the receiver of the offer, of a will to be bound by the terms. Acceptance of an offer has no lawful effect unless it gets communicated to the offerer. The general rule of contract law is that a postal appearance is effective only when the letter of acceptance gets accepted. If acceptance takes place through an immediate medium such as email, it will effective at the period and place of receipt. It is also vital to note that an offerer cannot instruct that the offerers silence aggregates

Marketing Managements Ability to Develop Essay Example for Free

Marketing Managements Ability to Develop Essay Main Forces in the Organisations Macroenvironment Macroenvironment: The larger societal forces that affect the whole microenvironment. The organisation and its microenvironment operate in a larg macroenvironment of forces that shape opportunities and pose threats to the organisation. The organisation must carefully watch and respond to these forces. The macro environment comprises of six main forces: 1. Demographic Forces: Demography is the study of human populations in terms size, density, location, age, sex, race, occupation and other statistics. The organisa my group discussed was McDonalds. The points we come up with involving demographic forces were:- As Australia has an aging population McDonalds co better tailor products this. As Australia is and is becoming more ofa multi cult society McDonalds need to be aware of the ethnic diversity in each region. 2. Economic Forces: The economic environment consists of factors that affect consumer buying power and spending patterns. Markets require buying power a well as people. Total buying power depends on current income, prices, savings an credit. Marketers should be aware of major trends in income and changing consu spending patterns. A range of products to meet all levels of income would be advantageous especially considering the recent global financial crisis where consumer spending was dramatically reduced. 3. Natural Forces

Strategic Planning Goals For Sony Inc

Strategic Planning Goals For Sony Inc Sonys current financial difficulties are tied into its corporate culture which was stated over 30 years ago. With such a large multinational corporation, greater planning and more use of strategies should be pursued. Sony could start with the implementation of a new mission statement, with profit and benefits of the company tied more closely to everyday operations. Internally, the four forces, the management, the designers, the production and the marketing should achieve better communication and cooperation. Alliance and cooperation between competitors should also be actively sort after in order to create standards in new fields. Sony should aim at being the leader instead of being the maverick. As for cost cutting, Sony should seriously consider setting up operations in other Asian countries in order to take advantage of the cheap labor and the budding markets. Finally, diversification, instead of pursuing the fast changing and easily imitated consumer goods market, Sony should use its technological know-how for high end business and office equipment. With SWOT analysis and Porters competitive forces model, we can view that the market is much more competitive with less profit margins and lead-time for product innovation. The conclusion is that change is needed in Sony. However, even with strategical and structure change, the Sony spirit of innovation should remain intact because that is what made Sony grow and would make it stay strong. Task 1: Sony Corporation is the electronic business unit and the parent company of the Sony group; it is engaged in its business through eight operating segments which are consumer products and devices, networked product and services, disk manufacturing, pictures, music, financial services, Sony Ericsson and all other. It is the first thing that comes to people minds about Sony company and its products is its high technologies filled with gadgets and product innovation, it was this innovation that has made Sony a big brand. It has used innovation in building markets out of thin air that changed everyday household lives forever. History and culture The current Sony corp. has a unique culture pattern in her history which is firmly rooted in relationship to her two founders Masaru Iuka and Akoi Morita. As everybody knows they both were the most dedicated electric engineers and geniuses above their business talent. They made umbrella strategy where lower engineers actively learned, developed and improved on the vision. Also it has been observed that the RD section of Sony differ greatly from other companies with its greater flexibility. In Sony there is a life time employment with strong norms and values which in turn create strategy through their actions. Collective vision and stress can be clearly seen in the strategies. Effects of current business plan The strategic planning team is the visionaries behind our business. The key components to Sony electronics is that they support and drive the developments and execution of company wide initiatives. More importantly is that they touch the very aspect of business. Whether its from engineering to marketing they assist Sony business units in generating new and emerging business and cross organizational opportunities. They provide overall advisory and financial analysis support across our global portfolio of B2B and consumer electronics product groups. Sony has also announced significant moves to strengthen its competitiveness for which it is continuously focusing on electronics, games and entertainment. Also the company is revitalizing its electronics business through further structural reforms and promotion of a well defined growth strategy. Sony is also centralizing its decision making authority over key areas under electronics CEO. For product planning it is focusing on technology procurement and streamlined decision making across product lines. This in turn would permit uniform development between our products and thus assures decisive and rational RD planning and spending. For our growth strategy in electronics business they are leveraging all resources including motion, pictures, music, games and our brand recognition to deliver more appealing products and services as the worlds leading electronics and entertainment company. SWOT ANALYSIS Strength Sonys greatest strength is their ability to produce innovative, quality products. Its web page itself states Sony innovation has become part of mainstream culture which includes the magnetic tape and tape recorder in 1950 and so on. Its PC world also published the most innovative products for the year 2006. It has continuously managed to be competitive and stay powerful organization by learning from past failures. It has been continuously learning from their mistakes and has always taken corrective measures in effective and efficient manner. And strength is their ability to be successful in several different markets. They have made an impact in the video game market, the PC market, and especially the television market and there are still numerous others. Weakness Sonys biggest and most recent weakness is their lack of innovation with PS3. Sony focused on digital technology when building the PS3 and it has the ability to export video in high definition. But later on the result came out to be where it was clear that this technology can be viewed on a high definition TV, also lot of people will not be able to see the full potential it has to offer. Opportunities It seeks a lot of opportunities that utilize their strength in innovation. The best opportunities which the company is having are design also it is integrated into every step of process-intelligent feature, user friendly application, innovative materials of course visual appearance. Sony is also known not to copy any of its competitors so it has gained reputation. The marketing department of a company has also increased advertising techniques due to which it is having an opportunity to attract new customers. Also the company is trying to sell there products at a cheaper rate to attract customers. It is also having opportunity and can decide to extend more overseas. Threats A common threat which the company is facing is in sales. Sony Vaio is it newest innovation in notebook computer for which it needs to compete with the brands of other companies who are already there in the market from long time. Competition in not the only threat which the company is facing recently it had to make a public apology concerning the use of a back drop in a violent video game. Also the recent reports have showed that most of its products are forged and sold as fake product. It also lacks the direction of strategy. TOOLS Pest Analysis is another marketing tool to analyze the strategies and functioning of a company. PEST analysis examines the change in the market place caused by Political, Economical, and Social Technological. Political factor changes involve one party to another who are in control for e.g. Rise in private healthcare privatization which is under the conservative government. Whereas social factors will include changing lifestyle attitudes Technological factors involves changes as the public see it this creates opportunities for the new product such as internet, e-commerce. Last not the least economic factors changes include such as recession creating activity at the lower end of the product price ranges. Political factors within Sony These factors can have a direct impact on the way Sony operates as we know decision made by government effect everyday business and can come in the form of policy legislation. These factors have a huge influence upon the regulation of businesses if you talk about the company the factors which includes government laws such as the introduction to the minimum wage affects the employees of Sony as the hourly rate increases each year every time. Understanding of activity from organizations in the market Managing Strategic Uncertainty The main thing which Sony must do is to make strategic commitments to unique assets or particular capabilities that will make difficult for competitors to imitate. The downside of this commitment is that if you make the wrong commitments based upon incorrect beliefs about the future, it can take a long time to undo them and make new ones. The responsibility must be charged in some organization for delivering on the commitments the organization has already made, for which the company need to make reviews of what it has set to achieve and regular follow ups while other in the organization must take responsibility for mitigating risk that accomplish uncertainty and opening up promising new opportunities. Task 2: Need and Expectation of the Company Stakeholders Every organization or company will get success in market by their product and services which is served by their employee. Thus employees are the key source of Sony Ericsson group and its main objective is to maintain high performing team which can attain all organizational objectives. Also looking for those employees who are self motivated and which can satisfy customer needs with their services and make difference to for shareholder, customer and themselves. Although company operates some training program as well to train their employees and to learn them more and more skills. Even Sony giving equal opportunities to their employee and also giving opportunity to get more experience from other organizational firms. Till financial year 2010 Sony has more than 98000 full time workers in different sectors, including managing body across the globe. Also there are large amount of workers approx. more than 40000 who are doing work indirectly for Sony Ericsson through agencies, distributors, contractors, etc. Eventually their human resource policy is fair enough for all employees as well and also its regardless of gender, ethnic origin and disability. Sony has also providing extra facility to disable persons which motivates that person for their secure future. Sony Ericsson has very vast list of their distributors which can deliver companies goal easily and effectively. It has around more than 25000 suppliers across the globe and invests approximately  £30 billion in every financial year. Sony has majority to derive maximum value and also ensures actual suppliers who are engaged and operates in a strategic sourcing process. Sony Ericsson served their customers in telecommunication sector across the world and aims for value package to customers and also offers basic discount to all segment of customers as per their worth. Also taking specific action to deliver customer services which aims to make good mobile products and accessories. Sony has one of the largest investments in communication industry. For making this worthful company has to study all facts related with market and consumers demand also get feedback from their fixed consumers. Otherwise the result will comes out in negative sense and also new facilities which failed due to short earning and insufficient sales. However Sony has set of purchasing principles which ensure acts ethically and commercially, who will responsible in business dealings with global supply. Sony realized that very well about their workforce who improves their efficiency and service. By strategy implementation and several approaches Sony will get gain maximum contribution through senior management of the company. Task 3: Vision: Sony has long term vision for their successful enterprise which determines to create and capture the market; where company wants to run their business and achieve their organizational objectives. Also increase its durability and reliability. There has been categorized in different manners which can describe below: Environmental vision towards sustainability The core responsibility of the Sony Group to society is to pursue the enhancement of corporate Value through innovation and sound business practices. The Sony Group recognizes that its Businesses have direct and indirect impact on the societies in which it operates. Sound business Practices require that business decisions give due consideration to the interests of Sony stakeholders, including shareholders, customers, employees, suppliers, business partners, local communities. Sony today announced its environmental vision towards sustainability which outlines the Sony group fundamentals environmental policy. It states both basic philosophy and specific numerical targets and announces the target of double eco efficiency. The growth of stakeholders concerned with environmental issues where consumers are expressing increasing concern, also the company has to rate themselves according to environmental measures. In many nation government is introducing environmental taxes and schemes for CO2 emission rights. Hence company knows and realizes the development of a sustainable economy it is necessary to combine ecology and economy together in management policy. The environmental vision towards sustainability works from the highest concept to the most specific targets to realize a sustainable society. Mission: To give customer satisfaction in terms of good services and qualitized products and also want to measure their progress through key essentials which can described below: Customer Service: It is an integral part of every business by which company get success and achieved all organizational targets or objectives. As fact shows that company is increasing their customer services on every year like in 2008 Sony provides service to their customer approx. 10% which increases in 2009 and reached upto 23% and in 2010 we will get very positive result which rise upto 35% ; by that companies trust and image is improving year on year. Free Cash Flows: Free cash flow is increasing every year and it also depends on financial health of company which sustainable depends on companys wealth. Free cash flow in 2010 was  £2143 million, compared with  £1134 million in 2009. Earning Per share: Every company has to maximize their shareholders similarly Sony has done with their objectives; by which company will move towards their indicators. 1) Building of strategy With the succession of the two founders it would be very difficult for the company to find someone as visionary and for them to lead the umbrella strategy company with Sony which is the international company having different major branches listed in 23 stock exchanges building a strategy is a tough job. Strategy should be made in such a way to generate more more profit for which the greater emphasis should be on market share especially in Japan where Sony market is shrinking. There should be better coordination between the engineers in the RD department. 2) Diversification. For the company to diversify it should concentrate more more on electronic know how in non consumer the competition are also able to copy in a much short time. This would make full use of the RD department which is the strongest advantage of Sony without waiting for the price cutting technology adaptation. It should also able to use its unique talent in videos semi conductor technology to create its version of the office of the future. 3) Alliance corporation Sony should try to become a leader instead of maverick. The new product which the company is launching it involved both hardware software so it should try to achieve industry wide standard. By pioneering in the field first the standards is just a way to ensure stability to allows Sony to concentrate and on product development improvement they also lack the know how to the creative software market. company should also focus on the product line to make it more compatible with one another which is crucial through the communication between groups managers .So that it may able to build brand loyalty for customers. It was same like when Japanese took over the US market through cheap yet quality consumer goods other Asian countries with their low labor cost pose as great competition at the lower end of consumer good. 4) Cost cutting It is important for the organization because RD place an integral part in the success of Sony cannot be cut drastically since it gobbles up 10% of sales. As we know company I is having factory in US Japan. But Sony is not fully making use of lower cost areas in the world especially Asian countries. Since it can take advantage of there cheap labor and can also get a head start in their budding consumer market. 5) Integration of production design Marketing In every organization designing developing of a product is a different process from the production marketing. As we know the design is backed by intuition experience rather than market research analysis. So to cure this phenomenon the RD department should listen more toward the consumer need and then innovate instead of creating new markets. They should also be made responsible to the profit loss of a particular product we also cannot deny the fact that it also brings these efficient groups together to achieve synergy. 6) Implementation When we talk about implementation it is important for the company to integrate together with the Japanese work ethic its western counterparts because Sony is a kind of MNC where there are people working from different country for which company needs to involve writing the importance of profits its responsibility to its shareholders. More More communication integration should be made between the department like designing, production marketing. Company should also decide the standard which the world is adapting and accordingly should take decision to cut off setbacks. However the end product ratio between consumer business product should be constantly reviewed through out the process to achieve optimum mix. Task 4: External factors and adaptation of Sony Corporation Sony adopts many methods of cost reduction which prevailed economic situation in country. In year 2010 cost reduction activities which delivered some are changing steps with a reduction of operating cost and capital expenditure. Even though all business and internal services has deliver these savings, which focused on eliminating failure cost, also analyzed overhead value program which reduced cost with structural approach on project basis. These all aforesaid actions will reduce cost more consequently. Also it has improved service delivery and supply terms which would be expected to achieve further benefits in current year. Like every company Sony also has many functional areas which can be categorized and described given below: Technology Development: Sony has brand image on which company have to stay on their parts and commitments which they given to their consumers, distributors and others. It is also known for its best services and good quality of technological products which doesnt occur problems or errors frequently. In Sony their products are full of advanced technologies which make human life better and easier. Sales and Marketing: It plays very vital role for every organization similarly this function is important for Sony Corporation. Without proper functioning and managing this sector; surely every business function will not get succeed in their task. Sales and marketing are those segments which generates cash flow and revenue. Since for improving their market and business; Sony has adapting some effective marketing strategies on different categories. In this competitive world nowadays company will focused to build strong relationships of customers. Even provide extra customer service with free of cost to all segments of customers; which makes to give security of product to all customers and also reduces supply and carbon emissions. Additionally company is always set their mind to use and investigate more and more renewable electricity or new technologies such as by developing own wind farms which give advantage over others. Human Resource Management: This sector is a backbone of every organization which managed human beings as per organization requirement and its role to satisfy organizational workforce needs. Further improper and ineffective function creates massive loss to the company. Till 2010 financial year Sony has more than 25000 workers who works in the company as a full time worker and more than 45000 peoples indirectly worked for company through agencies, distributors, contractors, etc. It also makes eco friendly environment without following any ethics and origin, regardless of religion, gender and disability. Eventually Sony has proud on his human resources department which plays important role in their successive path. Although Sony also deals with some specialist recruiting agencies which attract people to work in its organization and meanwhile they can judged special skills in employees by creating competitive advantage. With the help of that Process Company has list of number of talented peoples which makes worth for the company. Task 5: Competitive Strength and weakness of Current business Strategies of Sony As we all know that time is money in very general and it is actually money for all segments like business, individuals, professionals, etc. In strategy firstly considers important task and involves strategy to develop time table in terms of giving exact preference on all segments as per business demand. Thus strategy implementation is very important for business and also have to make keen observation about investigation under resources how much time every operation will take? Then after start new operations and keep control on going operations. Lastly if any deviation occurred at the time of operation then sometimes to get back is the right decision and sometimes to resolve that on timely, so that it depends on situation how much it make worth according to business vision. However the final element to control business effectively and to make strategic control, the strategic planning process is essential. In planned performance the review of actual performance is monitored by supporting organizational learning and enabling the improvement of performances. Also provide rewards to the employee who attain company objective very efficiently which based on strategic issues and also helps in identifying and communicating the drivers of success. Furthermore all strategies planned and organized to make benefits for company. As per number of criteria strategies might evaluated on suitability, feasibility and acceptability. The acceptability of strategy indicates view of stakeholders and feasibility indicates organizational adequate resources. Eventually suitability refers logic of strategy. The key for internal and external success is to manage time effectively and actively participate in every segment of requiring business by which we can make our successive pr oduct and remain keep our corporations brand image. Conclusion After analyzing the whole situation and surveying the business plan the conclusion which can be drawn for the company is that Sony Corporation fined it impossible to create any kind of sustainable competitive advantage based on product alone. It is also always being observed by everyone working in a successful company that they continuously work to know how to create a customer centered competitive advantage of this company the key internal strength are the appropriate effective marketing strategy but on the other hand if you talk about flaws of the marketing strategies declares the company on major internal setback. Sony also have the potential to innovate into a company with international operations as well as culture since it was one of the first Japanese company to set up a main branch in the US. With strategy luck Sony could become a great firm as it was will be.

Concepts Of Appropriation Under The Theft Act Law Essay

Concepts Of Appropriation Under The Theft Act Law Essay The Theft Act 1968  [1]  was legislated as a result of complicated, confusing and highly technical prior statutes and case law. Antiquated terminology like larceny, embezzlement and false pretences were to be replaced by a simple and short Act that was aiming towards codification of the criminal law. The Criminal Law Revision Committee advised on the recommendation, which as a result fully transpired. The report affirmed larceny, embezzlement and fraudulent conversion should be replaced by a single new offence of theft. The important element of them all is undoubtedly the dishonest appropriation of anotherers property.  [2]  Unfortunately the courts interpretation of the Theft Act has not went as smooth as anticipated; it became highly disputed as the House of Lords reached contrasting outcomes on several cases. Parliament was possibly at fault to some extent due to the Act being formulated very simplistic, the consequence was that judges had to work out exactly what the law was. My purpose will be to chronologically evaluate the crucial case law, academic opinion, as well as objectively conclude from a theoretical and practical perspective. The definition of The Theft Act 1968 is A person is guilty of theft if he dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it; and thief and steal shall be construed accordingly.  [3]  This section is pivotal and fundamental as the whole Act is structured around this definition. Dispute surrounds the element of appropriation. Academics and lawyers have and still are extensively contesting on whether consent should be relevant or irrelevant for an individual to appropriate property. The Criminal Law Revision Committee which prompted the Act stated We hope and believe that the concept of dishonest appropriation will be easily understood even without the aid of further definition.  [4]  This lack of further definition in hindsight, demonstrated poor judgment from the Committee as cases will illustrate that interpretation of appropriation has led to difficulties even in straightforward circumstances. In Lawrence  [5]  an Italian student who was unfamiliar with the currency opened his wallet to a taxi driver to allow him to acquire the fare. The driver took money which was well over the excess of the fare. The driver disputed that his conduct could be appropriation because the student consented. The House of Lords held that it was irrelevant the student consented and dismissed the defendants appeal; the drivers conviction was upheld. This case concluded that appropriation can occur even when the victim has consented in handing over their property. Under the old Larceny Act 1916 a requirement for appropriation was without the consent of the owner  [6]  . Viscount Dilhorne highlighted this contrast in his judgment as he quoted Parliament by the omission of these words has relieved the prosecution of the burdon of establishing that the taking was without the owners consent  [7]  . Furthermore, Lawrenece means that certain crimes of deception may also be identical to crim es of theft, due to consent being irrelevant. Surely Parliaments intentions were not to have it amalgamated with s15 Obtaining Property by Deception. P. R. Glazebrook brought up this illogical consequence as he wrote Should it matter tuppence whether a crook snitched his victims property or tricked him out of it? Parliament thought not.  [8]  I myself find it hard to comprehend that Parliament enacted a meaningless provision but this is a practical and theoretical effect of the courts verdict. Shute and Horder also disagreed with the crimes being amalgamated by writing in a journal The label thief does not carry the same moral import as the label conman;  [9]  they also went on to say The nature of the wrongdoing in theft has a separate moral foundation from that of obtaining by deception. There is no doubt that these crimes are entirely different in reality and should be treated entirely different by the law; the outcome of Lawrenece does seem to question the merit and prac ticality of the Theft Act. The House of Lords in the case of Morris  [10]  casted uncertainty on this proposition as they held that the defendant must have done something objectively criminal for appropriation to occur. The facts involved the defendant exchanging labels on goods in a supermarket in order to pay less for the item; he was seized before paying and charged with theft. His council submitted that he could not have appropriated the item as he had handled the item in the supermarket with implied consent of the owner. Judging on Lawrence the defendant should have been convicted but the court completely opposed. Lord Roskil quoted appropriation in my view involves not an act expressly or impliedly authorised by the owner but an act by way of adverse interference with or unsurpation of those rights.  [11]  So on this judgment, a consensual acquirement of property would not be theft since the element of appropriation is absent. For the next eight years until R v Gomez  [12]  , this case was us ed in preference to Lawrence. The facts of Gomez involved the defendant who was an employee of a store in. He convinced the manager to sell goods to an accomplice and accept payment by cheques. He told the manager that the cheque was as good as cash but was aware that they were stolen. Gomez was convicted of theft at the trial court. The defendant appealed to the Court of Appeal, Lord Lane CJ was very clear on his position and stated anyone who obtains goods in return for a cheque which he knows will be dishonored on presentation, or indeed by way of any other similar pretence, would be guilty of theft  [13]  . He then went on to say that appropriation never occurred as There is no appropriation at the moment when he takes possession of the goods because he was entitled to do so under the terms of the contract of sale.  [14]  Lord Lane expressed that this conduct should not fall within the Theft Act as in practice it expands it enormously. Professor Shute obviously agreed with Lord Lanes reasoning as he w rote To create a new offence of theft to include conduct which ordinary people would find difficult to regard as theft would be a mistake.  [15]  Lord Lane also stressed that by making consent irrelevant created a clear conflict between civil and criminal law. Gomez was appealed to the House of Lords. The house had to clarify if consent was relevant and if appropriation involvedadverse interference with, or usurpation of, some right of the owner  [16]  The lords concluded 3:2 in favor for Lawrence against Morris and decided that consent is irrelevant to appropriation. Lord Keith quoted in the leading judgment Belief or the absence of belief that the owner had such knowledge is relevant to the issue of dishonesty, not to question whether or not there has been an appropriation.  [17]  This decision was of vast importance and had extensive implications to the offence of theft. In practical situations it could determine the point of arrest, for example, an individual can in theory be arrested in a shop for simply touching an item, perhaps just looking at the ingredients, if the law enforcement suspect the individual is planning to steal this item then in theory then they can be arrested. In practice this seems completely absurd; in add ition it means the law authorities have enormous arbitrary powers resulting from this legislation. Although in practice I doubt this example would occur often but arbitrary powers this broad should be taken very seriously as it may contravene human rights, the rule of law and the manifest criminality rule  [18]  that George Fletcher discusses. This rule maintains the notion that a reasonable person should identify the theft that has occurred. To some degree criminal activity like theft should be obvious to the objective observer. Alarmingly, by omitting the consent element for appropriation means that it practically vanishes the necessity to have an actus reus for a conviction. Also, there is no doubt that in certain cases consent will distinguish if the defendants conduct was dishonest or not. By dismissing consent the law is virtually relying on the entire mens rea element. Lord Lowry dissented in Gomez cited a dictionary definition of appropriate, he quoted take possession of, take to oneself, especially without authority.  [19]  He concluded that consent was relevant and there had to be some sort of adverse interference, which I do believe should be an element of appropriation. Later on in the 1990s, appropriation was at the centre of a further legal concern. The question the courts had to address was; could a recipient of a valid gift in civil law have appropriated property and be charged with theft if there was no deception? Again, consent was questioned. There were several cases with similar facts but it was R v Hinks  [20]  which resolved the issue. The defendant befriended a man of limited intelligence and naivety although he was mentally able of understanding the concept of ownership and a gift. The defendant encouraged the man to withdraw sixty thousand pounds and deposit it in her account. The Court of Appeal held that it was irrelevant the gift was valid in civil law and the question was certified to the House of Lords. Hinks defence submitted sound reasoning on why it would be wrong to hold a valid civil gift as appropriated, they referred to numerous examples of when contractual problems under such a expansive definition of appropriation whic h could now become theft. The defence also highlighted that it would create disharmony and a blatant conflict with civil law. Lord Steyn countered this issue as he quoted The tension between the civil law and the criminal law is therefore not in my view a factor which justifies a departure from the law as stated in Lawrence and Gomez.  [21]  In addition, on the matter of consent and authority he said this was immaterial.  [22]  The court appeal was dismissed as the gift was appropriated, only with Lord Hobhouse dissenting. Therefore in practice if there is an acquisition of property through dishonestly then the gift will have been appropriated and stolen. There are several consequences of the final decision in Hinks. First of all it means that there is no longer any distinction between fraud and theft, which does not seem to be logical as they are entirely different crimes. Lord Steyn discarded appropriation as being narrow due the number of unjustified acquittals that may be the consequence. Although this is a convincing justification and I can see the logic due to the defendants unconscionable conduct, but I believe this should not be the criminal law. The contrast with civil law could been evaded by perhaps declaring the gift voidable due to undue influence. The court asserting the legitimacy of the gift as irrelevant was perhaps unconvincing. J.C Smith strongly disapproved as he wroteWho ever heard of ordinary literate people describing the receipt of a gift as an appropriation?  [23]  Numerous academics have agreed with Smith and understandably criticized the courts decision. Clarkson and Keating have described Hinks decision in particular as lamentable  [24]  as the House of Lords do not identify what actually constitutes appropriation. J.C Smith emphasized how expansive appropriation is currently, the commentary stated Millions of employees are appropriating their employers property, millions of customers are appropriating the property of shopkeepers, husbands are appropriating the property of their wifes and vice versa every hour of the day  [25]  , therefore if mens rea is perceptible then these examples can all be theft. Reflecting on the judgments, journals and commentary, I believe adverse interference should be present in the definition of appropriation. Perhaps the negative aspect is there may be an undeserved acquittal but better this than innocent individuals convicted due to the law being so expansive. It is simply more practical and just for adverse interference to be an element in of the Theft Act. Adverse iterference establishes the progress from actual guilty contemplation or consideration to which should be the full mens rea of theft. Individuals with criminal thoughts and ideas should not be liable for theft if the criminal act has not been executed. Unfortunetly due to adverse interference being ommitted from the requirement of the Theft Act, thoughts and ideas can be criminal in the present law which in my opinon is completely unsound and dangerously premature for a justifiable conviction.

Essay :: essays research papers

Unit 1: Narrative Essay Feeling complete with your own personal mental and physical standpoints is essential if you ever want a fulfilling relationship. Knowing your own ability to live vigilantly day to day, being gratified with the prospects of how you are living your life up untill this point. This is what determines wether your ready to take the step into entering a relationship. Every point in ones life is a learning experience. Treating past relationships as learning experiences help to better your understanding of what your really looking to gain out of future relationships. The following paragraphs discuss a story of my past. This story revolves around a relationship taking place at a negative point in my life. So my lesson to you is one I learned the hard way. Being happy with yourself is vital before attempting to by happy with someone else. To mentally set the scene for my story, I will give some background into my mental and physical standpoint. During the time of this story, I was under a lot of stress from various circumstances. I had just recently lost my job at Subway and had no source of income. Becouse I lost my job, I had no longer the money nor the resources to continue with athletic training. Taking the three months off from athletic training had a negative effect on my physical appearence. With a noticable loss of physical appearence, my self esteem began to drop slightily. So all together, threw one run of bad luck into another, i was spiraling down into a depression like state. It all started the first week of grade 10. I was walking to math class and i met up with a few of my lunch crew friends. I noticed my friend Ashlea talking to Erin Berring. Erin was an attractive, smart and fashonable girl. I always had a thing for smarties. In school she had straight A's, and was also the leader of the female wrestling team. I felt a little up on myself that day for some reason. I figured there was no better time then the present to chat it up a little. The conversation went quite well, which was different from what I expected. She even asked for my number so we could continue our talk later that night. "Why would she be interested in me?," I said to myself. After all, she seemed way out of my league.

Examine the influence of Heaneys childhood upon his poetry :: English Literature

Examine the influence of Heaneys childhood upon his poetry Introduction Seamus Heaney was born on a farm in county Derry in North Ireland on April 13th 1939 he was one of nine children. The Heaney family had lived in that area for centuries and had been farmers for generations. He grew up in the country and the countryside was a crucial focus point for his poetry, this is shown in the poems The early purges, The forge, Digging, Follower and Death of a naturalist. He grew up in a rural community which was very important to him as well as village traditions, history and religion. Nature was important to him. This is illustrated in Death of a naturalist and Follower. He looked back to the farm for inspiration in his writing when he writes about the farm in Digging and the follower. In Follower, Seamus writes about his father Patrick. Seamus had a great deal of respect and admires his father for his farming skill again this is evident in Follower. Seamus and his father separated as Seamus grew smarter and away from the farming life and towards poetry and literature. Heaney was Catholic and at school he became aware of the Catholic and Protestant problems in Ireland which later inspired him to write about politics and the problems in Ireland. Heaney wrote very realistic poems about life in the countryside and wanted to show what it was really like (rough and hard).This is clear in Death of a Naturalist and Early purges. When he was twelve he won a scholarship to St Colun's boarding school in Derring later he won another scholarship to Queens university where he studied English. When he was at university he started to write poems and the increasing problems in Ireland became apparent to him and his poems examined these problems. In the early sixties he wrote his first volume Death of a naturalist. Analyzing four Heaney Poems I have chosen Death of a naturalist, Follower, Digging and The early purges because I think they represent the influences that Heaneys childhood had on his poems. Death of a naturalist was one of Heaneys' first poems and was the title of his first volume. The poem symbolizes the innocence of childhood because he uses simple and uncomplicated language. The teacher in the poem is very patronizing and explains sex and mating in a very toned down way she said, 'The daddy frog was called the bullfrog and how he croaked and how the mammy frog laid hundreds of little eggs and this was frogspawn'. The early part of the poem is seen through the eyes of a child and as

CQ3 level 3 unit 8 health & safety Essay

Explain how to access additional support & information relating to health & safety? There are many ways to access different sorts of support and information in relation to the health and safety if it is needed. You could seek additional support and information by talking to the manager within the home or you could talk to your supervisor. You could discuss these matters with more experienced work colleagues who could give you extra information on health and safety. Outside organisations will also help with understanding of the correct to adhere to the rules  define a hazard. A hazard is something that can cause harm, eg electricity, chemicals, working up a ladder, noise, a keyboard, a bully at work, stress. Basically, a hazard can cause harm or adverse effects Define a Risk: A risk is the chance, high or low, that any hazard will actually cause somebody harm Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard. Explain why it is important to assess health and safety risks. A risk assessment is an important step in protecting your workers and your business, as well as complying with the law. It helps you focus on the risks that really matter in your workplace – the ones with the potential to cause real harm. In many instances, straightforward measures can readily control risks, for example ensuring spillages are cleaned up promptly so people do not slip, or cupboard drawers are kept closed to ensure people do not trip. Risk assessments are important as they reduce the risks of accidents and ill health to you and your employees that could be very costly both physically and financially. Explain the steps to carry out a risk assessment. Identify the hazards. Consider how people may be injured in the workplace. Be pro-active and examine the potential hazards, whether they are short or long-term. Also ask for the views of employees and their representatives, and read the accident book and the sick records for anything related to a work-based danger.  Establish who might be harmed and how. Before managing a risk, discover the affected groups, and determine the ways in which they might suffer injury. For example, the company’s data input team might have problems with eye strain from staring at computer monitors all day. Evaluate the risks; decide on precautions. At this stage, it is acceptable to work to a standard that is â€Å"reasonably practicable†. To make the task easier, however, find out what the industry regards as good practice. By comparing a workplace to good practice benchmarks, it becomes easier to match precautions to risks Record and implement findings. Write down the results of risk assessments and communicate these to staff. Employees are then more likely to understand and support any necessary changes. Review the assessment and update if necessary. Ideally, review risk assessments annually. Also consider revising an assessment whenever there is a significant change to any potentially hazardous procedures. Write a risk assessment for the use of a hot food trolley when it is brought out of the kitchen to the dining area before meals.  How to reduce risks using the guide of 5 steps? (pretty much answered in the previous question! Explain how to address potential health and safety risks that you have identified in your workplace (include records). 2.1 Explain why it is important to assess health and safety risks A. Reasons may include:  · to comply with legislation  · to prevent risks or reduce risks to a minimum  · to protect self, individuals and others from danger, harm or illness 2.2 Explain the steps to carrying out a risk assessment A; Steps to carrying out a risk assessment include:  · identify hazards  · evaluate risks · take precautions  · review risks  · report and record outcomes 2.3 Explain how to address potential health and safety risks identified A; Addressing potential risks may include:  · identifying associated hazards  · considering what safety measures are required to eliminate or reduce the risks  · considering whether new or additional safety measures can be put in place  · communicating these measures to others  · informing others of any serious risks  · co-operating fully with outside agencies 2.4 Explain how risk assessment can help address dilemmas between an individual’s rights and health and safety concerns A; Risk assessment can help address dilemmas by e.g:  · making the individual aware of the risks  · making the individual aware of the responsibilities employees and the employer have  · being used as the basis for safe working arrangements Q. 2.4 joe wants to smoke in his bedroom in the care home 2.5 Explain how to promote health and safety within the social care setting A; Promoting health and safety by e.g:  · taking reasonable care for own and others’ health and safety  · reporting and recording potential and actual hazards and risks  · participating in health and safety training  · complying with health and safety instructions and procedures 3.1 Describe the common types of accidents and sudden illnesses which may occur in your workplace. Accidents may include:  · falls  · burns and scalds  · slips and trips  · swallowing a hazardous substance 3.2 Explain procedures to be followed if an accident or sudden illness should occur Procedures to be followed may include:  · recording and reporting of accident or illness with full details must be made  · registered person must submit notification to CQC and HSE  · individuals’ next of kin must be informed 3.2 first aid etc Report the accident or sudden illness to the line manager. Record in log book and give full details in an accident/incident form to be submitted to branch manager. 3.3 Explain why it is important for emergency first aid tasks only to be carried out by qualified first aiders Reasons may include:  · to comply with health and safety legislation  · to preserve life  · to minimise the consequences of injury and illness  · to treat injuries and illnesses effectively 3.4 Explain the consequences of failing to follow emergency first aid procedures Consequences may include:  · possible fatalities  · could delay recovery  · injury or illness could  · become worse  · failure to comply with legislation and workplace procedures 4;1 infection control section These are the routes of transmission for diseases: – the air – Down the respiratory tract into the lungs. Coughs, cold, influenza and other common airborne infections are contracted in this fashion. – urine and feces Up the urinary and reproductive systems. The infectious agent may remain localized or may enter the blood stream. Sexually transmitted diseases most commonly infect the genitals. HIV, the AIDS virus, is carried in bodily fluids and can be transmitted in saliva, seminal fluid, or blood. – blood – saliva – Down the digestive tract. Food, drink or other infected products can be swallowed and infect the stomach or bowels. Most people have experienced an ‘upset stomach’, which reveals itself in the form of diarrhea and or vomiting. – skin – Breaks in the skin. One of the many functions of the skin is to act as a barrier against infection. Anything that penetrates the skin, or for that matter the mucous membrane that lines the mouth or nose, provides a route for infection to enter. Typically, bites, scratches, puncture wounds by needles etc increase the risk of infection. – drainage, such as nasal mucus or pus from open sores Person-to-person A cold can be caught by shaking the hand of a person who has a cold and who has just used their hand to wipe their dripping nose. The mucus from the nose will be teeming with cold virus particles such as the rhinovirus, which causes one third of colds in adults. Once the cold virus particles are on the hands of the second person they are contaminated and the virus can be transferred into their nose by their fingers. Contaminated blood or other bodily fluids Hepatitis B and HIV can be spread through sexual intercourse or sharing used syringe needles contaminated with infected blood. Saliva A cold or the flu can be caught from the saliva of an infected person when you kiss them. Air Measles, mumps and tuberculosis can be spread by coughing or sneezing. A cough or a sneeze can release millions of microbes into the air in droplets of mucus or saliva which can then infect somebody else if they breathe in the infected particles. Food Microbes need nutrients for growth and they like to consume the same foods as humans. They can get into our food at any point along the food chain from ‘plough to plate’. Therefore great care must be taken at every stage of food production to ensure that harmful microbes are not allowed to survive and multiply. If they do they can cause the unpleasant symptoms of food poisoning such as sickness and diarrhoea, when the contaminated food is eaten. Microbes can be spread from one food to another during the preparation process, for example by unclean hands, or dirty kitchen utensils, and cause illness when those foods are eaten. This is known as cross-contamination. Water Some diseases are caused by drinking water that is contaminated by human or animal faeces, which may contain disease-causing microbes. Clean water, hygiene and good sewerage systems prevent the spread of water-borne diseases such as typhoid and cholera. Insects Insects are responsible for spreading many diseases. Malaria is spread from person to person by certain species of female mosquito carrying the protozoan Plasmodium falciparum. The parasite enters the human host when an infected mosquito takes a blood meal. Bubonic plague (Black Death) is a bacterial disease of rodents caused byYersinia pestis. It can be spread to humans and other animals by infected rat fleas. People usually get plague from being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium. Insects can also transmit pathogens to food; house flies are very good at spreading Salmonella and E.coli O157. They feed on faecal waste and transfer microbes from their feet and other body parts to food. The microbe does not invade or multiply inside the fly. Fomites This is a non-living object such as bedding, towels, toys and barbed wire that can carry disease-causing organisms. The fungus Trichophyton that causes athlete’s foot can be spread indirectly through towels and changing room floors. The fungus thrives in the damp warm environment found between the toes. The skin between the fourth and fifth toe is usually affected first. A flaky itchy red rash develops. The skin becomes cracked and sore and small blisters may appear. If the infection is left untreated it can  spread to other parts of the body. Entry of infection into human body A human with an infection has another organism inside them which gets its sustenance (nourishment) from that person, it colonizes that person and reproduces inside them. Organisms may enter the body in one of three ways. The digestive tract – swallowed in food or water. The respiratory tract – breathed in the air. The skin and mucus membranes – through a wound, weakened surface or injection. Explain the following prevention methods†¦ A) Hand washing†¦B) Own personal hygiene†¦C) Encouraging the individual’s personal hygiene Types of PPE Used in Healthcare Settings †¢ Gloves – protect hands †¢ Gowns/aprons – protect skin and/or clothing †¢ Masks and respirators– protect mouth/nose – Respirators – protect respiratory tract from airborne infectious agents †¢ Goggles – protect eyes †¢ Face shields – protect face, mouth, nose, and eyes Explain own role in supporting others to follow practise that reduce the spread of infection. It is my responsibility, together with my colleagues to protect ourselves from the risk of infection according to the Health & Safety at Work Act 1974. Everyday practice would include being aware of and implementing policies & procedures, reporting hazards & potential risks, maintaining clean & safe working environments, attending training updates, keep up to date with necessary immunisation and maintain our own personal hygiene. As someone who has direct, day-to-day contact with patients, carers, relatives and other staff, you have a crucial part to play in infection control in your workplace. Identifying when a patient is at risk of acquiring an infection and knowing how to prevent it are key roles for you. To do this effectively, you need to have the necessary knowledge and skills concerning infection control and prevention and the competence to implement them in practice. Describe the main points of the legislation which relates to moving and handling. Main points may include:  · avoiding hazardous manual handling  · conducting a full risk assessment of load, task, environment and individual Manual Handling Operations Regulations (MHOR), 1992  · reporting immediately any difficulties The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR)  · adhering to agreed working practices Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999  · using equipment correctly Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER) 1998 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER) 1998 The employer’s duties:  ·Avoid the need for hazardous manual handling as far as is reasonably practicable.  ·Assess the risk of injury from any hazardous manual handling that can’t be avoided.  ·Reduce the risk of injury from hazardous manual handling, as far as reasonably practicable The Employee’s duties:  ·Follow appropriate systems of work laid down for their safety.  ·Make proper use of equipment provided to minimise the risk of injury.  ·Co-operate with the employer on health and safety matters. If a care assistant fails to use a hoist that has been provided, they are putting themselves at risk of injury. The employer is unlikely to be liable.  ·Apply the duties of employers, as appropriate, to their own manual handling activities.  ·Taking care to ensure that their activities do not put others at risk. Explain how following principles for safe moving and handling protects those in the social care setting from injury or harm. Protection may include:  · reducing the risk of injury  · identifying whether there is a hazard or risk  · giving an opportunity for alternative working practices e.g. use of a different type of moving and handling aid Explain situations that may require additional supports necessary for moving and handling. Situations may include:  · if working environment is cramped  · if an object or load is heavy  · if an object or load is unstable or awkward